Prevention and control of COVID-19 outbreak in a hemodialysis center.

BACKGROUND: The prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2 infection in hemodialysis (HD) units is challenging. AIM: To describe the clinical characteristics and outcome of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on HD with COVID-19, between March 2020 and January 28, 2021, attending a single HD unit in Bogotá, Colombia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this prospective observational study, incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality rate were estimated, including screening results with RT-PCR and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies in all patients and health personnel in the HD unit. RESULTS: Among patients and health workers, 55 and 9 cases of COVID-19 were identified, respectively. The median age of patients was 63 years (84% males). Fifty five percent of patients were symptomatic, with fever, cough and/or myalgia. The most common comorbidities were hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and coronary heart disease. The cumulative incidence of infection was 30.2%, population seroprevalence was 24.9%, and fatality was 9.1%. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in this HD unit was high. Strict biosafety protocols are required to prevent outbreaks.

Prevention and control of COVID-19 outbreak in a hemodialysis center / Prevención y control de un brote de COVID-19 en una unidad de hemodiálisis

BACKGROUND: The prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2 infection in hemodialysis (HD) units is challenging. AIM: To describe the clinical characteristics and outcome of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on HD with COVID-19, between March 2020 and January 28, 2021, attending a single HD unit in Bogotá, Colombia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this prospective observational study, incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality rate were estimated, including screening results with RT-PCR and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies in all patients and health personnel in the HD unit. RESULTS: Among patients and health workers, 55 and 9 cases of COVID-19 were identified, respectively. The median age of patients was 63 years (84% males). Fifty five percent of patients were symptomatic, with fever, cough and/or myalgia. The most common comorbidities were hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and coronary heart disease. The cumulative incidence of infection was 30.2%, population seroprevalence was 24.9%, and fatality was 9.1%. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in this HD unit was high. Strict biosafety protocols are required to prevent outbreaks.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La prevención y el control de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en las unidades de hemodiálisis (HD) es un desafío. OBJETIVO: Describir las características clínicas y la evolución de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en HD con COVID-19, entre marzo de 2020 y el 28 de enero de 2021, que acudieron a una unidad de HD en Bogotá, Colombia. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional prospectivo con estimación de incidencia, prevalencia y letalidad, incluyendo los resultados del cribado con RT-PCR y anticuerpos IgG e IgM anti-SARS-CoV-2 en todos los pacientes y personal sanitario de la unidad de HD. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 55 casos de pacientes en HD y 9 casos de trabajadores de salud con COVID-19. La mediana de edad de los pacientes fue de 63 años y 84% eran hombres. Cincuenta y cinco por ciento de los pacientes eran sintomáticos, con fiebre, tos y/o mialgia. Las comorbilidades más frecuentes fueron hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y enfermedad coronaria. La incidencia acumulada de infección fue del 30,2%, la seroprevalencia poblacional del 24,9% y la letalidad del 9,1%. CONCLUSIONES: La incidencia de infección por SARS-CoV-2 en esta unidad de HD fue alta. Se requieren de protocolos estrictos de bioseguridad para evitar brotes.

Recomendaciones sobre la vacunación contra SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes en diálisis y lista de espera de trasplante renal

Contexto las personas con diálisis se consideran una población de alto riesgo de infección por SARS-CoV-2, complicaciones y muerte. En Colombia, cerca del 44 % de la población en diálisis es menor de 60 años, adicionalmente, por los mismos retos que ha impuesto la pandemia a los programas de trasplantes, se ha incrementado notoriamente la población joven que debe seguir en diálisis al no tener opción a corto plazo de un trasplante renal, por lo tanto, las limitaciones en el acceso temprano a la vacunación contra SARS-CoV-2 agudizarían los problemas de esta población, provocando pérdidas considerables en años de vida que la vacuna podría salvar. Objetivo el objetivo del presente documento es sintetizar los principales motivos por los que se recomienda la priorización de la vacunación de los pacientes en diálisis crónica y lista de espera para trasplante renal. Metodología se realizó una búsqueda rápida de información sobre la vacunación en pacientes con ERC en diálisis o en espera de trasplante renal. La información resultante fue analizada críticamente por expertos en nefrología para la formulación de recomendaciones. Los resultados de la búsqueda se presentan a manera de síntesis narrativa. Resultados a partir de la información revisada y discutida por los expertos en nefrología se proponen 4 recomendaciones para la vacunación contra el virus SARS-Cov-2. Conclusiones la Asociación Colombiana de Nefrología e Hipertensión Arterial, la Asociación Colombiana de Nefrología Pediátrica y la Asociación Colombiana de Trasplante de Órganos, comprometidos con la salud de los pacientes con enfermedad renal en diálisis y listas de espera de trasplantes en Colombia, se unen a la solicitud mundial de generar recomendaciones para la vacunación contra SARS-CoV-2.

Background People on dialysis are considered a high-risk population for SARS-CoV-2 infection, complications, and death. In Colombia, about 44% of the population on dialysis is under 60 years of age. In addition, due to the same challenges that the pandemic has imposed on transplant programs, the young population that must continue on dialysis has increased markedly, as they have no option in the short term of a kidney transplant, therefore, the limitations in early access to vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 would exacerbate the problems of this population, causing considerable losses in years of life that the vaccine could save. Purpose The objective of this document is to summarize the main reasons why the prioritization of vaccination of patients on chronic dialysis and on the kidney transplant waiting list is recommended. Methodology A rapid search for information on vaccination in patients with CKD on dialysis or awaiting kidney transplantation was performed. The resulting information was critically analyzed by experts in nephrology for the formulation of recommendations. The search results are presented as a narrative synthesis. Results Based on the information reviewed and discussed by nephrology experts, 4 recommendations are proposed for vaccination against the SARS-Cov-2 virus. Conclusions The Colombian Association of Nephrology and Arterial Hypertension (ASOCOLNEF), the Colombian Association of Pediatric Nephrology (ACONEPE) and the Colombian Association of Organ Transplantation (ACTO), committed to the health of patients with kidney disease on dialysis and transplant waiting lists in Colombia, join to generate recommendations for prioritization and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2.

Efectividad y seguridad del uso de alfa-cetoanálogos en el manejo de la enfermedad renal crónica avanzada: recomendaciones para la práctica clínica / Effectiveness and safety of the use of alpha-keto analogues in the management of advanced chronic kidney disease: clinical practice recommendations

Resumen Introducción: la dieta con restricción de proteínas parece tener un papel importante en la progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) y la aparición anticipada de síntomas urémicos, además la suplementación de aminoácidos esenciales ofrece aparente seguridad para lograr restricciones agresivas de proteínas. Objetivo: realizar una revisión de la literatura para establecer las recomendaciones de uso práctico sobre la dieta con restricción de proteínas en la ERC avanzada. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una búsqueda estructurada rápida de la literatura en la que se incluyeron revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis, de los cuales se extrajeron las respuestas de las preguntas con estructura PICOT diseñadas a priori. Los resultados fueron sometidos a consenso para generar recomendaciones prácticas. Resultados: se incluyeron 6 revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura con una evaluación de calidad moderada. Según los hallazgos, una dieta muy baja en proteínas con suplementación de alfa-cetoanálogos beneficia a los pacientes que ingresan a diálisis o son sometidos a trasplante renal, además reduce la progresión de la enfermedad. No obstante, se requiere de ensayos clínicos con mejor calidad que consideren aspectos como la calidad de vida. Conclusiones: aunque la evidencia es de baja calidad, se establece que la dieta muy baja en proteínas y suplementada con alfa-cetoanálogos en pacientes adecuadamente seleccionados reduce el deterioro de la tasa de filtración glomerular y parece reducir el ingreso a diálisis. Por tanto, se recomienda hacer un seguimiento estricto y periódico en el que se vigilen las medidas antropométricas y el perfil de riesgo de desnutrición.

Abstract Introduction and objective: The protein-restricted diet appears to play an important role in the progression of chronic kidney disease and the early onset of uremic symptoms, the supplementation of essential amino acids offers apparent security in achieving aggressive protein restrictions. The objective of this document is to carry out a literature review to inform practical use recommendations on this behavior in advanced Renal Disease (CKD). Materials and methods: A quick structured search of the literature is carried out, with the selection of systematic reviews and meta-analyzes, from which the answers to the questions with a PICOT structure designed a priori are extracted. The results were submitted to consensus to generate practical recommendations. Results: six systematic reviews of the literature were included, with a moderate quality evaluation, the extraction of the information reports an apparent benefit of the very low protein diet with supplementation of alpha-keto-analogues on admission to dialysis or kidney transplantation and a consistent reduction of disease progression. Better clinical trials that integrate outcomes such as quality of life are required. Conclusions: With low quality of evidence, the very low protein diet, supplemented with alpha-keto analogues, in the properly selected patient, reduces the deterioration of the glomerular filtration rate, seems to reduce admission to dialysis. Regular strict monitoring is recommended, with monitoring of anthropometric measures and malnutrition risk profile.

Impact of Complicated Urinary Tract Infection on Renal Graft Function.

BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common infectious complication after renal transplantation. It is uncertain whether the development of UTI has an impact on renal graft function. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of complicated and recurrent UTI on 2-year renal graft function. METHODS: This was a historical cohort study in renal transplantation patients in a kidney transplant center. All renal transplant recipients from June 2004 to September 2016 were included. A linear regression analysis was performed to study the association between the outcome (variation in estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration [CKD-EPI] equation between month 1 and month 24 post-transplant) and the UTI. The approval of the Ethics and Research Committee to carry out this study was obtained. RESULTS: In total, 276 kidney transplants were performed during the observation period. Of the transplant patients, 193 (69.9%) did not develop a UTI and 83 (30.1%) presented at least 1 complicated UTI. Patients who presented at least 1 UTI had a variation in eGFR during the observation period of -12.6 mL/min/1.73 m2 (95% confidence interval [CI] -4.5 to -20.7 mL/min/1.73 m2; P = .02), compared with those without a UTI. Said difference persisted in the adjusted model controlling for variables that have an impact on the eGFR. This difference was -10.7 mL/min/1.73 m2 (95% CI -3.1 to -18.2 mL/min/1.73 m2; P = .006). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the occurrence of complicated UTI has a negative impact on graft function and that prevention and monitoring of UTIs should be stepped up to avoid their deleterious effects on graft function.

Recomendaciones para el uso racional de la prueba 25-hidroxivitamina D Resumen de política

está disponible en el texto completo

The exponential increase in the request for laboratory tests of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D or [25 (OH) D has ignited the alarms and generated a strong call for attention, since it may reflect deficiencies in the standardization of clinical practice and in the use non-systematic scientific evidence for decision-making in real life, which allows to analyze the indications of the test, its frequency, interpretation and even to assess the impact for health systems, especially when contrasted with the minimum or almost. No effects of the strategy of screening or supplying indiscriminately to the general population, without considering a comprehensive clinical assessment of risks and needs of people. From a purely public health impact point of view, the consequence of massive and unspecified requests is affecting most of the health systems and institutions at the global level. The primary studies that determined average population intake values have been widely used in the formulation of recommendations in Clinical Practice Guidelines, but unfortunately misinterpreted as cut points to diagnose disease and allow the exaggerated prescription of nutritional substitution. The coefficient of variation in routine tests to measure blood levels of 25 (OH) D is high (28%), decreasing the overall accuracy of the test and simultaneously, increasing both the falsely high and falsely low values. The most recent scientific evidence analyzes and seriously questions the usefulness and the real effect of the massive and indiscriminate practice of prescribing vitamin D without an exhaustive risk analysis. The available evidence is insufficient to recommend a general substitution of vitamin D to prevent fractures, falls, changes in bone mineral density, incidence of cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular disease, neoplasms and also to modify the growth curve of mothers' children. They received vitamin D as a substitute during pregnancy. The recommendations presented in the document are based on the critical analysis of current evidence and the principles of good clinical practice and invite to consider a rational use of 25 (OH) D tests in the context of a clinical practice focused on people and a comprehensive assessment of needs and risks. The principles of good practice suggest that clinicians may be able to justify that the results of the 25 (OH) D test strongly influence and define clinical practice and modify the outcomes that interest people and impact their health and wellness. Currently there is no clarity on how to interpret the results, and the relationship between symptoms and 25 (OH) D levels, which may not be consistent with the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency reported. For this reason, it is suggested to review the rationale of the request for tests for systematic monitoring of levels of 25 (OH) D or in all cases where substitution is performed. Consider the use of 25 (OH) D tests within the comprehensive evaluation of people with suspicion or confirmation of the following conditions: rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, hyper or hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption syndromes, sarcopenia, metabolic bone disease.

Characterization of kidney transplant patients with expanded criteria donors / Caracterización de trasplantados renales con donantes de criterios expandidos

Abstract Introduction: Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with chronic kidney disease; however, the number of donors is insufficient, and waiting lists grow exponentially each year. Transplantation from expanded criteria donors benefits a significant number of patients, improving their survival when compared to those who remain on dialysis. The objective of this study is to describe the characteristics of patients who have received transplants from expanded criteria donors and their renal function at the first and third years after transplantation. Methods: A descriptive observational study was conducted. Patients older than 18 years who received transplants from an expanded criteria donor were chosen between 2007 and 2015. Results: Of a total of 227 patients analyzed, 18 received transplants from an expanded criteria donor. The recipients were 59.5 years old (37-79) and had spent 22.4 months on the waiting list (2.6-77.8) and 4.5 years on dialysis (0.5-18.4). The donors' age was 61 years (50-73). Graft survival at one year was 88.9%; at three years, it was 80%. A total of 11.1% of the patients presented acute cellular rejection at one year, and the average glomerular filtration rate at the first and third years was 58.4 mL/min/1.73 m2. Conclusion: Patients who received transplants from expanded criteria donors have good kidney graft function at three years, with graft and patient survival, similar to that reported for patients who received transplants from standard criteria donors (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.36104/amc.2019.1185).

Resumen Introducción: el trasplante renal es el tratamiento de elección para pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica, sin embargo, el número de donantes es insuficiente y las listas de espera crecen exponencialmente cada año. El trasplante con donante de criterios expandidos beneficia a un número importante de pacientes, mejorando su supervivencia al compararlos con los que permanecen en diálisis. El objetivo de este estudio es describir las características de pacientes trasplantados con donantes de criterios expandidos y su función renal al primer y tercer año del trasplante. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional. Se eligieron pacientes mayores de 18 años trasplantados con donante de criterios expandidos entre 2007 y 2015. Resultados: de un total de 227 pacientes analizados, 18 fueron trasplantados con donante de criterios expandidos. Los receptores tenían 59.5 años (37-79), tiempo en lista de espera de 22.4 meses (2.6-77.8), tiempo en diálisis de 4.5 años (0.5-18.4). La edad del donante fue 61 años (50-73). La supervivencia del injerto al año fue 88.9% y a los tres años de 80%. El 11.1% de los pacientes presentaron rechazo celular agudo al año y el promedio de la tasa de filtración glomerular al primer y tercer año fue de 58.4 mL/min/1.73m2 Conclusión: los pacientes trasplantados con donante de criterios expandidos tienen una buena función del injerto renal a tres años, con supervivencia del injerto y del paciente, similar a la reportada con donante con criterio estándar. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2019.n85).

Hemorragia alveolar difusa secundaria a vasculitis asociada a ANCA. Recaída durante hemodiálisis / Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage secondary to ANCA-associated vasculitis. Relapse during hemodialysis

Resumen La hemorragia alveolar difusa (HAD) masiva es una complicación inusual de los pacientes con vasculitis ANCA, frecuentemente amenaza la vida y está asociada con una mortalidad de hasta el 100%. La información en la literatura acerca del tratamiento en casos refractarios y cuando el paciente se encuentra en diálisis es escasa. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con vasculitis p-ANCA con compromiso renal y pulmonar en el escenario de síndrome pulmón-riñón, con múltiples recaídas de hemorragia alveolar a pesar de tratamiento con corticoide, azatioprina, ciclofosfamida y terapia de recambio plasmático. Se instauró manejo con anticuerpo monoclonal anti CD20 e inmunoglobulina, logrando resolución del episodio de hemorragia alveolar y permaneciendo sin actividad. Se resalta la utilidad del rituximab como estrategia terapéutica en casos refractarios. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44: 111-114).

Abstract Massive diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is an unusual complication of patients with ANCA vasculitis that frequently threatens life and is associated with mortality up to 100%. In formation in the literature about treatment in refractory cases and when the patient is on dialysis is scarce. The case of a patient with p-ANCA vasculitis with renal and pulmonary involvement in the lung-kidney syndrome scenario, with multiple relapses of alveolar hemorrhage despite treatment with corticosteroid, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide and plasma exchange therapy is presented. Management with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody and immunoglobulin was estab lished, achieving resolution of the episode of alveolar hemorrhage and remaining without activity. The usefulness of rituximab as a therapeutic strategy in refractory cases is highlighted. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44: 111-114).

Gastric sleeve surgery in hemodialysis: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Morbid obesity in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis limits access to renal transplantation. We report here a case of a surgical procedure for weight reduction in a hemodialysis patient and adjustment of dry weight through bioelectrical impedance. CASE PRESENTATION: A 44-year-old male with CKD on hemodialysis for 26 years. After 3 years on dialysis, he underwent a cadaveric kidney transplant. However, after 8 years of transplant, he loses the kidney graft and returns to dialysis treatment. The patient's BMI increased to 42 kg/m2 and he had difficult-to-control hypertension and severe sleep apnea. Behavioral, nutritional and pharmacologic measures were not sufficient to achieve an adequate weight control. Thus, a surgical procedure for weight reduction was considered. The patient underwent a laparoscopic gastric sleeve without any complications. Dry weight was adjusted through bioelectrical impedance before each hemodialysis session. The patient did not display hypotension, cramps, or fluid overload. After a 30 kg weight loss, the patient's BMI was 28.3 kg/m2, allowing registration on the kidney transplant waitlist. DISCUSSION: Obesity in CKD restricts access to kidney transplant waitlist. Bariatric surgery has proven to be safe and effective for sustained weight loss and it seems that the fact that a patient is dialysis dependent does not independently increase post-operatory complications. CONCLUSION: Surgical procedures for weight reduction in dialysis patients does not independently increase the risk for adverse outcomes after bariatric surgery. The estimation of DW through BIA is an effective method for avoiding complications generated by excessive or deficient ultrafiltration.

Paquimeningitis y glomerulonefritis crescéntica en vasculitis p-ANCA / Pachymeningitis and crescentic glomerulonephritis in p-ANCA vasculitis

Resumen Las vasculitis asociadas a anticuerpos contra el citoplasma del neutrófilo configuran patologías multisistémicas caracterizadas por afectar pequeños vasos. Se ha descrito compromiso de sistema nervioso central en 2-8% de los casos, rara vez al inicio del cuadro clínico. Este corresponde al caso de un hombre de 67 años de edad con vasculitis p-ANCA, quien debutó con proptosis, paquimeningitis y disfagia severa. Posteriormente deterioro renal, necesidad de hemodiálisis, ciclofosfamida y recambio plasmático terapéutico con lo cual alcanza criterios de remisión parcial y egresa de diálisis. Las vasculitis ANCA se relacionan con una amplia gama de signos y síntomas inespecíficos. La edad de aparición, creatinina inicial y requerimiento de diálisis, son factores pronósticos. El inicio oportuno del tratamiento es fundamental, requiriendo por tanto un alto índice de sospecha. (Acta Med Colomb 2018; 43: 107-110).

Abstract Vasculitis associated with antibodies against the neutrophil cytoplasm they form multisystemic pathologies characterized by affecting small vessels. Central nervous system involvement has been described in 2 - 8% of cases, rarely at the beginning of the clinical picture. This corresponds to the case of a 67-year-old man with p-ANCA vasculitis, who debuted with proptosis, pachymeningitis and severe dysphagia. Subsequently, renal deterioration, the need for hemodialysis, cyclophosphamide and therapeutic plasma exchange, with which it reaches criteria of partial remission and dialysis discharge. ANCA vasculitis is associated with a wide range of nonspecific signs and symptoms. The age of onset, initial creatinine and dialysis requirement are prognostic factors. The timely initiation of treatment is fundamental, requiring therefore a high index of suspicion. (Acta Med Colomb 2018; 43: 107-110).

Incidencia y características clínicas de pacientes trasplantados renales con infección y enfermedad por citomegalovirus en un centro de trasplante / Incidence and clinical characteristics of renal transplanted patients with infection and disease by cytomegalovirus in a transplant center

Resumen Introducción: la infección viral más importante postrasplante renal es la infección por citomegalovirus (CMV), hay discrepancia entre centros y países en datos de incidencia de infección-enfermedad en esta población de pacientes. Diseño: se realiza un estudio observacional analítico, tomando una cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes mayores de 18 años, trasplantados renales de donante vivo o cadavérico entre el 2004 y 2015 con al menos seis meses de seguimiento. Material y métodos: se realiza muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, se toman los datos de las historias clínicas de los pacientes trasplantados renales, calculando la densidad de incidencia de infección-enfermedad por CMV y se describen las características clínicas y demográficas de los pacientes que presentaron estas patologías. Resultados: se analizaron 252 pacientes, encontrando 92.4% receptores con riesgo intermedio para CMV y 7.5% con riesgo alto, ninguno fue de riesgo bajo. Se identificaron 19 casos, 13 con infección (5.1%) y seis con enfermedad (2.3%). El compromiso gastrointestinal fue el más frecuente. El tiempo promedio desde el momento del trasplante hasta la aparición de la infección-enfermedad fue de 417 (±479) y 650 días (±481), respectivamente. La tasa de infección fue de 10.08 casos por 1000 pacientes/año y la tasa de enfermedad de 5.88 por 1000 pacientes/año. Conclusiones: la densidad de incidencia de infección-enfermedad por CMV en pacientes trasplantados renales fue de 10.08 casos y 5.88 casos por 1000 pacientes/año, respectivamente. Estas tasas son menores a las reportados en la literatura. Dada la baja frecuencia de eventos, no fue posible establecer factores de asociación.

Abstract Introduction: the most important viral infection after renal transplantation is cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. There is a discrepancy between centers and countries in terms of incidence data of infection-disease in this population of patients. Design: an analytical observational study was conducted, taking a retrospective cohort of patients older than 18 years old, kidney transplant recipients of living or cadaveric donors between 2004 and 2015, with at least 6 months of follow-up. Material and methods: non-probability convenience sampling was done; data from the clinical records of the kidney transplant patients were taken, calculating the incidence density of CMV infection-disease and the clinical and demographic characteristics of the patients who presented these pathologies were described. Results: 252 patients were analyzed; 92.4% of recipients with intermediate risk for CMV and 7.5% with high risk were found. None of them had low risk. 19 cases were identified, 13 with infection (5.1%) and 6 with disease (2.3%). Gastrointestinal involvement was the most frequent. The average time from the time of transplant to the onset of the infection-disease was 417 (± 479) and 650 days (± 481), respectively. The infection rate was 10.08 cases per 1000 patients / year and the disease rate was 5.88 per 1000 patients/year. Conclusions: the incidence density of CMV infection-disease in renal transplant patients was 10.08 cases and 5.88 cases per 1000 patients / year, respectively. These rates are lower than those reported in the literature. Given the low frequency of events, it was not possible to establish association factors. (Acta Med Colomb 2018; 43: 20-23).

PTLD in a kidney receptor: case report / Enfermedad linfoproliferativa en el injerto renal. Reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura

Abstract Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders (PTLDs) occur in 3 to 10% of adults with solid organ transplant (SOT). It has been associated with Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) infection. Differential diagnostics of PTLD from rejection or viral infection is difficult when the tumor infiltrates the graft, because the clinical and histopathological findings are similar. We report a case of patient with chronic kidney disease due to Ig M glomerulonephritis with cadaveric donor kidney transplantation who presented proteinuria and decreased glomerular filtration rate, with a solid mass at renal graft and confirmatory histology of polymorphic renal transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), VEB positive, and CD 20 positive. The patient was treated with rituximab 375 mg / m2 weekly, four doses, followed by chemotherapy with ciclophosphamide, vincristine and doxorubicin. He didn't need radiotherapy or graft nephrectomy, with complete remission at one year of follow-up and optimal graft function.

Resumen Los desórdenes linfoproliferativos postrasplante (PTLD por sus siglas en inglés: Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative disorders) se presentan en 3 a 10% de adultos con trasplante de órgano sólido (TOS). Se ha asociado a infección por Virus Epstein Barr (VEB). Es difícil diferenciar PTLD de rechazo o infección viral, porque los hallazgos clínicos e histopatológicos son muy similares. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) secundaria a glomerulonefritis IgM, con trasplante renal de donante cadavérico, quien presentó proteinuria y disminución de la función renal, se le documentó una masa en el injerto renal compatible con desorden linfoproliferativo pos-trasplante renal de tipo polimórfico (PTLD), VEB positivo y CD 20 positivo. El tratamiento consistió en rituximab 375 mg/m2 semanales, cuatro dosis, se realizó control con imágenes y se adicionó el esquema CHOP (ciclofosfamida, vincristina, doxorubicina). El paciente toleró de manera adecuada la quimioterapia, no requirió radioterapia, ni trasplantectomía y después del R-CHOP la masa disminuyó de manera significativa hasta desaparecer al año de seguimiento manteniendo función óptima del injerto renal.

Síndrome nefrótico secundario a glomerulonefritis membranoproliferativa por síndrome de Sjögren / Nephrotic syndrome secondary to membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis due to Sjögren's syndrome

Resumen El síndrome de Sjögren (SS), enfermedad autoinmune crónica, primaria o secundaria a otros desórdenes inmunológicos. La prevalencia es 0.05-0.23%, relación hombre: mujer 1:9, grupo etáreo 52-72 años. La afectación renal en el SSP (primario) puede ocasionar compromiso glomerular y/o tubular. Reportamos el caso de un hombre de 56 años, previamente sano que presentó síndrome nefrótico en el contexto de una glomerulonefritis membranoproliferativa (GMNMP), se diagnosticó SS con compromiso glomerular y se realizó revisión de la literatura. (Acta Med Colomb 2017; 42: 136-139).

Abstract Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease primary or secondary to other immunological disorders. The prevalence is 0.05-0.23%, male: female ratio 1:9, age group 52-72 years. Renal involvement in primary SS can lead to glomerular and/or tubular involvement. The case of a 56-year-old man previously healthy that presented nephrotic syndrome in the context of a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) and was diagnosed with SS with glomerular involvement is reported, and a literature review was performed. (Acta Med Colomb 2017; 42: 136-139).

Trasplante renal en mayores de 60 años en un hospital de Colombia / Kidney transplant in patients over 60 years-old in a Colombian hospital

Introducción: El trasplante renal se considera el tratamiento ideal para la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) estado 5. Sin temor de conflictos éticos es la mejor opción terapéutica en ancianos. El objetivo del trabajo es describir las características demográficas y clínicas de los pacientes mayores de 60 años con seguimiento a un año del trasplante renal realizado en un hospital de Bogotá, Colombia. Métodos: Estudio de cohortes en pacientes mayores de 60 años con trasplante renal. Se analizaron 28 pacientes trasplantados entre junio de 2004 y marzo de 2012. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 65 años, 89% varones. El origen principal de la ERC fue la nefropatía diabética, seguida de la hipertensión arterial. El 96,4% de los trasplantes se realizó con donante cadavérico, con un promedio de edad de 40 años, tiempo de isquemia fría de 12 h y el missmatch promedio de 3,25 (± 1,29). Las principales comorbilidades fueron hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia y enfermedad coronaria. El 17% presentó disfunción retardada del injerto. La creatinina a los 6 y 12 meses fue de 1,27 mg/dl (± 0,31) y 1,25 mg/dl (± 0,33) respectivamente. El 10% de los pacientes presentaron rechazo agudo celular. No se documentaron rechazos humorales. La supervivencia del paciente a un año fue del 89,7% y del injerto censurada por muerte de 96,4%. La causa más frecuente de muerte fue el infarto agudo del miocardio. Conclusiones: La adecuada selección de receptores de trasplante renal muestra resultados satisfactorios en supervivencia, función renal y menor número de complicaciones (AU)

Introduction: Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice in patients with end- stage renal disease. Renal transplantation in without fear of ethical conflicts is the best treatment option in the elderly. The objective is to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients over 60 years old with at least one year of renal transplantation in a single center of Colombia. Methods: This is a cohort study of patients over 60 years old from a single center in Bogota, Colombia. About 28 patients were analyzed between June 2004 and March 2012. Results: The mean age was 65 years old, with 89% males. The main cause of chronic kidney disease was diabetic nephropathy, followed by hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Most of them (96.4%) were deceased donor transplants with a mean age of 40 years old, cold ischemia time was 12 hours and there was a mismatch of 3.25 (±1.29). Major comorbidities were hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and coronary arterial disease. Almost 17% had delayed graft dysfunction. Serum creatinine at 6 and 12 months was 1.27 mg/dl (±0.31) and 1.25 mg/dl (±0.33), respectively. Only 10% of patients had acute cellular rejection Humoral rejections were not documented. The patient survival at 1 year was 89.7%, and death-censored graft survival was 96.4%. The most frequent cause of death was acute myocardial infarction. Conclusions: Proper selection of kidney transplant recipients shows satisfactory results in survival, with low morbidity in patients older than 60 years (AU)

[Kidney transplant in patients over 60 years-old in a Colombian hospital]. / Trasplante renal en mayores de 60 años en un hospital de Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice in patients with end- stage renal disease. Renal transplantation in without fear of ethical conflicts is the best treatment option in the elderly. The objective is to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients over 60 years old with at least one year of renal transplantation in a single center of Colombia. METHODS: This is a cohort study of patients over 60 years old from a single center in Bogota, Colombia. About 28 patients were analyzed between June 2004 and March 2012. RESULTS: The mean age was 65 years old, with 89% males. The main cause of chronic kidney disease was diabetic nephropathy, followed by hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Most of them (96.4%) were deceased donor transplants with a mean age of 40 years old, cold ischemia time was 12 hours and there was a mismatch of 3.25 (± 1.29). Major comorbidities were hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and coronary arterial disease. Almost 17% had delayed graft dysfunction. Serum creatinine at 6 and 12 months was 1.27 mg/dl (± 0.31) and 1.25mg/dl (± 0.33), respectively. Only 10% of patients had acute cellular rejection. Humoral rejections were not documented. The patient survival at 1 year was 89.7%, and death-censored graft survival was 96.4%. The most frequent cause of death was acute myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: Proper selection of kidney transplant recipients shows satisfactory results in survival, with low morbidity in patients older than 60 years.